Relação entre o estrogênio e as disfunções temporomandibulares: uma revisão de literatura / Relationship between estrogen and temporomandibular disorders: a review of literature

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de traçar um panorama atual sobre o papel do estrogênio nas disfunções temporomandibulares. Metodologia: foram realizadas buscas nas plataformas digitais Pub- Med, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, durante os meses de setembro de 2018 a maio de 2019, sem filtros para determinar período de tempo, sendo excluídos aqueles trabalhos em que não foi possível identificar relação com o tema. Resultados: na análise dos estudos encontrados, foi observada a relação entre o estrogênio e a prevalência de disfunções temporomandibulares em mulheres. O estrogênio atua central e perifericamente no sistema nervoso central, influenciando no processamento dos receptores pró e antinoceptivos da articulação temporomandibular. Considerações finais: a modulação estrogênica da dor é um mecanismo complexo. Diversos estudos associam o hormônio estrogênio às disfunções temporomandibulares. Embora não haja um consenso entre os autores do papel exato deste hormônio, há evidências comprovadas de que as mulheres possuem uma susceptibilidade a dores em geral, com prevalência tanto em frequência quanto em intensidade.(AU)

Objective: to carry out an integrative review of the literature in order to outline the role of estrogen in temporomandibular disorders. Methodology: the study searched studies in the digital platforms PubMed, SciELO and Google Acadêmico, from September 2018 to May 2019, without filters to determine the time period, excluding those works in which it was not possible to identify relation with the theme. Results: among the analysis of the studies found, the relationship between estrogen and the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in women was observed. Estrogen acts centrally and peripherally in the central nervous system, influencing the processing of the pro and antinoceptive receptors of the temporomandibular joint. Final considerations: estrogenic modulation of pain is a complex mechanism. Several studies associate the estrogen hormone with temporomandibular disorders. Although there is no consensus among authors of the exact role of this hormone, there is proven evidence that women have a susceptibility to pain in general, with prevalence both in frequency and intensity.(AU)

Gene expression of estrogen and oxytocin receptors in the uterus of pregnant and parturient bitches

In the canine species, the precise mechanisms of pregnancy maintenance and the initiation of parturition are not completely understood. The expression of genes encoding the receptors for estrogen (ERα mRNA) and oxytocin (OTR mRNA) was studied in the endometrium and myometrium during pregnancy and parturition in dogs. Real-time PCR was performed to quantify the levels of ERα mRNA and OTR mRNA in the uterus of bitches during early (up to 20 days of gestation), mid (20 to 40 days) and late pregnancy (41 to 60 days), and parturition (first stage of labor). All tissues expressed ERα and OTR mRNA, and are thus possibly able to respond to eventual estrogen and oxytocin hormonal stimuli. No statistically significant differences in the expression of ERα mRNA were verified in the endometrium and myometrium throughout pregnancy and parturition, but expression of OTR mRNA increased at both parturition and late pregnancy. We concluded that the increase of endometrial and myometrial OTR mRNA expression in dogs is not an event dependent on estrogenic stimulation. Moreover, the contractility response of the canine uterus to oxytocin begins during pregnancy and maintains myometrial activity. The expression of OTR mRNA in canine uterine tissues varied over time, which supports an interpretation that the sensitivity and response to hormone therapy varies during the course of pregnancy and labor. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors underlying the synthesis of uterine oxytocin receptors and the possible role of ERβ rather than ERα in the uterine tissues during pregnancy and parturition in dogs.

Regulación del flujo sanguíneo uterino: I. funciones de estrógeno y receptores estrogénicos alfa/beta en el endotelio vascular uterino durante el embarazo / Regulation of uterine blood flow: I. functions of estrogen and estrogen receptor alpha/beta in the uterine vascular endothelium during pregnancy", "_i": "en

El estrógeno y los receptores estrogénicos clásicos (REs), RE- alfa y RE-beta, han demostrado ser parcialmente responsable por las adaptaciones endoteliales uterinas durante el embarazo al corto y largo plazo. Las diferencias moleculares y estructurales, junto con los diferentes efectos causados por estos receptores en las células y los tejidos, sugieren que su función varía dependiendo de la manera en la cual el estrógeno se comunica con sus receptores. En ésta revisión bibliográfica se discuten la función del estrógeno y sus receptores clásicos en las adaptaciones cardiovasculares durante el embarazo y la expresión de los Res in vivo e in vitro en el endotelio de la arteria uterina durante el ciclo ovárico y el embarazo, a la vez comparado con la expresión en endotelio arterial de tejidos reproductivos y no reproductivos. Estos temas integran el conocimiento actual de este amplio campo científico con interpretaciones e hipótesis diversas relacionadas con los efectos estrogénicos mediados bien sea por uno o los dos REs. Esta revisión también incluye la relación con las adaptaciones vasodilatadoras y angiogénicas requeridas para modular el dramático incremento fisiológico en la perfusión útero-placentaria observada durante un embarazo normal.

Estrogen and classical estrogen receptors (ERs), ER- alpha and ER- beta, have been shown to be partially responsible for short and long term uterine endothelial adaptations during pregnancy. The molecular and structural differences, together with the various effects caused by these receptors in cells and tissues, suggest that their function varies depending upon estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of estrogen and its classic receptors in the cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the expression of ERs in vivo and in vitro in the uterine artery endothelium during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, while comparing their expression in arterial endothelium from reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. These themes integrate current knowledge of this broad scientific field with various interpretations and hypothesis that related estrogenic effects by either one or both ERs. This review also includes the relationship with vasodilator and angiogenic adaptations required to modulate the dramatic physiological increase to the uteroplacental perfusion observed during normal pregnancy.

Expression of survivin and p53 proteins and their correlation with hormone receptor status in Indian breast cancer patients.

Background : In invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), many antiapoptotic and proapoptotic genes regulate disease outcome. Hormone receptor-mediated mechanisms have also been shown to prevent apoptosis. Therefore, relations between hormone receptor status and other molecular markers need further examination. Aims : In the present study, we analyzed the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes, viz., Survivin and mutant p53, in benign breast disease (fibroadenoma) and IDC patients. Results were then correlated with hormone receptor status of the patients. Material and Methods : Paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 63 untreated female patients with IDC and 32 female patients with fibroadenoma were used. Expression of Survivin and mutant p53 was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining method. Statistical Analysis : Fisher exact test and nonparametric correlation test (Spearman rank correlation test) were performed. Results : In fibroadenoma, 53% of patients expressed Survivin and 13% of patients expressed p53 protein. Statistically significant increase in Survivin and p53 protein expression was observed in carcinoma cases. Survivin expression correlated negatively with progesterone receptor (PR) status, but its expression was independent of estrogen receptor (ER) status. p53 expression showed negative correlation with both ER and PR status. Conclusions : Increased expression of Survivin and p53 in IDC patients and correlation with hormone receptors suggest that Survivin and p53 along with hormone receptors status are likely to contribute significantly to apoptosis resistance and may serve as therapeutic target that could increase the effectiveness of conventional breast cancer therapy.

Estrogen receptors and function in the male reproductive system: [review] / Receptores e função do estrógeno no sistema reprodutor masculino: [revisão]

A substantial advance in our understanding on the estrogen signaling occurred in the last decade. Estrogens interact with two receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, also known as ERα and ERβ, respectively. ESR1 and ESR2 belong to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. In addition to the well established transcriptional effects, estrogens can mediate rapid signaling, triggered within seconds or minutes. These rapid effects can be mediated by ESRs or the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPER, also known as GPR30. The effects of estrogen on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are often mediated by growth factors. The understanding of the cross-talk between androgen, estrogen and growth factors signaling pathways is therefore essential to understand the physiopathological mechanisms of estrogen action. In this review we focused on recent discoveries about the nature of the estrogen receptors, and on the signaling and function of estrogen in the male reproductive system.

Durante a última década, ocorreu um avanço substancial no conhecimento da sinalização do estrógeno. Estrógenos interagem com dois receptores, ESR1 e ESR2, também conhecidos como ERα e ERβ, respectivamente. ESR1 e ESR2 pertencem à família de receptores nucleares, que funcionam como fatores de transcrição. Além dos bem estabelecidos efeitos transcricionais, os estrógenos medeiam a sinalização rápida, desencadeada dentro de segundos ou minutos. Esses efeitos rápidos podem ser mediados por ESRs ou pelo receptor de estrógeno acoplado à proteína G, GPER, também conhecido como GPR30. Os efeitos de estrógenos sobre a proliferação celular, diferenciação e apoptose são, muitas vezes, mediados por fatores de crescimento. Portanto, a compreensão da interação entre as vias de sinalização de andrógeno, estrógeno e fatores de crescimento é essencial para entender os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na ação estrogênica. Nesta revisão, foram abordadas descobertas recentes sobre a estrutura dos receptores, a sinalização e a função do estrógeno no sistema reprodutor masculino.

Functional roles of plasma membrane localized estrogen receptors.

A series of emerging data supports the existence and importance of plasma membrane localized estrogen receptors in a variety of cells that are targets for the steroid hormone action. When estradiol (E2) binds to the cell surface protein, the ensuing signal transduction event triggers downstream signaling cascades that contribute to important biological functions. Aside from the classical signaling through nuclear estrogen receptors, we have provided evidence for the functional roles of an estrogen receptor localized in the plasma membrane. This review highlights some of the recent advances made in the understanding of the genomic/non-genomic actions of plasma membrane localized estrogen receptors.

Implicaciones funcionales de la localizacion de dos tipos de receptores de estrogenos en el cerebro / Functionals implications of localizations of estrogens receptors on brain

Gracias a la amplia difusión que la terapia hormonal de suplencia ha tenido en los últimos años, gran parte de las investigaciones se han dirigido a entender la forma cómo los estrógenos actúan sobre diversos sistemas. Recientemente fue descrito un nuevo tipo de receptor para los estrógenos, denominado el receptor beta. De manera paralela han aparecido una serie de reportes epidemiológicos que sugieren que la terapia de reemplazo estrogénico previene la aparición de enfermedad de Alzheimer. Diversos estudios se han conducido para mostrar los efectos de los estrógenos sobre el sistema nervioso central. Basados en experimentos animales se ha demostrado que los dos tipos de receptores estrogénicos se encuentran localizados en múltiples áreas del cerebro. Inicialmente este hallazgo fue interpretado como que el receptor alfa estaba implicado en funciones reproductivas, mientras que el receptor beta era responsable de las acciones no reproductivas de los estrógenos. El conocimiento actual muestra que ambos receptores están implicados en diversas acciones. Se ha demostrado que a través de ellos los estrógenos ejercen múltiples funciones tales como disminuir la incidencia de depresión, mejorar la memoria, el aprendizaje y evitar el daño ocasionado por radicales libres. Otras acciones no son comprendidas en su totalidad. Estos hallazgos abren las puertas para futuras investigaciones para poder sintetizar el compuesto "ideal" que ejerza el mayor efecto benéfico sobre los diversos sistemas

Receptores estrogénicos: Valoración de procedimientos Histoquímicos e Inmunohisoquímicos para su detección / Receptors estiogenicos, valoration of procedures histoquimicos and inmunobioquimicos for its detection

Los receptores estrogénicos son marcadores asociados a tumor de mama, que se encuentran en el núcleo de las células epiteliales de mama y endometrio. La utilidad de su detección radica en que los tumores que presentan los RE tienen buen pronóstico post-tratamiento y la aplicación de terapia anti-estrogénica da muy buenos resultados y evita recidivas tumorales. Se plantea un modelo experimental para evaluar el método Histoquímico (HQ). En la detección de RE, se usó tejido bovino: de mama como control positivo e hígado y parótidas como controles negativos. Se estandarizó el método Inmunohistoquímico (IHQ), aplicando variables en presión y temperatura, para la recuperación del epítope del RE que se reconoce mediante anticuerpos monoclonales. Como controles se usaron tejidos humanos: biopsia de hiperplasia de endometrio como control positivo y biopsia de cáncer de colon como control negativo. Los procedimientos HQ e IHQ se aplicaron luego a 8 tumores extirpados mediante cirugía, 2 biopsias y 2 aspirados de carcinoma de mama, detectándose RE en el 50 por ciento de las muestras analizadas. Se observó que el procedimiento IHQ identifica epítopes presentes en los RE con mayor sensibilidad que el HQ, pero la utilidad del último radica en que mide la funcionalidad de los RE, por lo cual se recomienda el uso de ambos procedimientos simultáneamente para una evaluación completa de presencia y funcionalidad de los RE

Papel do raloxifeno, um modulador seletivo de receptor estrogênico, na manutençäo da saúde da mulher na pós menopausa / Role of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in the health maintenance of postmenopausal women

Estudos pré clínicos em modelos animais e estudos clínicos em mulheres na pós menopausa demonstram que o raloxifeno tem um perfil farmacológico único relativo aos estrogênios e outros compostos com açäo estrogênica descritos até agora. As açöes seletivas agonistas nos sistemas esqueléticos e cardiovasculares, as açöes antagonistas nos tecidos uterino e mamário, combinados com tolerabilidade e aceitabilidade, fazem do raloxifeno um agente de prevençäo e potencialmente de tratamento para a osteoporose da pós menopausa.

El receptor de estrógenos y la glándula mamaria / Estrogen receptors and the mammary gland

Desde hace varias décadas se sabe que las hormonas esteroides, como la progesterona y el estradiol, son importantes en la regulación de algunos genes involucrados en los procesos de crecimiento, proliferación y diferenciación de las células de la glándula mamaria en diferentes especies animales y en el humano. La presencia o ausencia del receptor de estrógenos es utilizado en la clínica como un marcador de malignidad, evaluación pronóstica, o como parámetro de decisión para el tratamiento con antiestrógenos de algunos tipos de cáncer dependientes de hormonas en la glándula mamaria. La presente revisión tiene por objeto el mostrar algunos de los avances en el conocimiento de la estructura del receptor y su interacción con protooncogenes y factores de crecimiento. Por último, se hace referencia a la relación que tiene la presencia de este receptor en la fisiopatología del cáncer de mama

Prazosin and stress effect on tumoral growth of 7.12-Dimethylbenz[A]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors

Repeated isolation stress and prazosin effect were evaluated in 7,12-dimetylbenz [A] anthracene (DMBA) mammary tumors. Tumor volume was significantly lower in stressed than in control animals from 10 to 52 days considering day 1 the moment when tumors became palpable and treament began. Control Prazosin (0.5 mg/Kg) rats showed diminished tumor volume after 40 days. Stress Prazosin curve was similar to stress alone. The proportion of progressing tumors in control was significantly higher than in stressed groups, regardless of Prazosin administration. Body weight gain was similar in every group throughout the experiment. Behavioral studies were performed when stress effect was no longer evident. Grooming and the number of fecal boli were similar in all groups, as well as prolactin serum levels, suggesting that habituation took place. No significant differences were observed between groups for estrogen receptors. However, a greater concentration of progesterone receptors was found in Stressed rats, compared to all other groups. We conclude that the decrease of tumor volume provoked by stress could not be reversed by the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin. Then, it appears that the main effect of stress is not mediated by the alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. Higher progesterone receptors in stressed rats could explain the differences observed.